Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves. Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act. In fad, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a sentinel, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat's group.
The article explains about the altruism is animal species, giving example of Meerkats specifically. Altruism is defined as a behaviour in which animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. The lecture refutes the article completely.
First the article, give an example about altruism in human beings, who donate organs to family or even a stranger. The professor's lecture refutes it by saying the even though it is a selfless act, the donar recieves appreciation from the society. And such non-material rewards might be more valuable to certain individuals.
Second, the article gives an example of Meerkat's behaviour of standing guard while other members of the group hunt and gather food. The professor explains with the results from a study that it is not an altruistic behaviour because the Meerkat standing guard against a predator, the sentinel eats before the other members of the group and stands gurad near a burrow, so it can escape quickly after issuing a alarm cry. Unlike the other meerkats who are hunnting for food. The professor also explained that Meerkats who are out is open usually move about after a rallying cry is issued, this attracts the attention of the predator,like hawk away from the sentinel.
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| 2020-01-10 | faisalaldebei | 70 | view |
| 2020-01-03 | IceGreenTea31 | 75 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 407, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
... so it can escape quickly after issuing a alarm cry. Unlike the other meerkats wh...
^
Line 5, column 446, Rule ID: WHO_NOUN[1]
Message: A noun should not follow "who". Try changing to a verb or maybe to 'who is a are'.
Suggestion: who is a are
... a alarm cry. Unlike the other meerkats who are hunnting for food. The professor also e...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 630, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , like
...s attracts the attention of the predator,like hawk away from the sentinel.
^^^^^
Discourse Markers used:
['also', 'first', 'if', 'second', 'so', 'while']
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance in Part of Speech:
Nouns: 0.271929824561 0.261695866417 104% => OK
Verbs: 0.140350877193 0.158904122519 88% => OK
Adjectives: 0.0657894736842 0.0723426182421 91% => OK
Adverbs: 0.0482456140351 0.0435111971325 111% => OK
Pronouns: 0.0219298245614 0.0277247811725 79% => OK
Prepositions: 0.144736842105 0.128828473217 112% => OK
Participles: 0.0350877192982 0.0370669169778 95% => OK
Conjunctions: 2.64613131 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Infinitives: 0.00877192982456 0.0208969081088 42% => Some infinitives wanted.
Particles: 0.00438596491228 0.00154638098197 284% => OK
Determiners: 0.157894736842 0.128158765124 123% => OK
Modal_auxiliary: 0.00877192982456 0.0158828679856 55% => OK
WH_determiners: 0.0175438596491 0.0114777025283 153% => OK
Vocabulary words and sentences:
No of characters: 1266.0 1645.83664459 77% => OK
No of words: 208.0 271.125827815 77% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 6.08653846154 6.08160592843 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.79765784423 4.04852973271 94% => OK
words length more than 5 chars: 0.399038461538 0.374372842146 107% => OK
words length more than 6 chars: 0.331730769231 0.287516216867 115% => OK
words length more than 7 chars: 0.201923076923 0.187439937562 108% => OK
words length more than 8 chars: 0.0913461538462 0.113142543107 81% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.64613131 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 121.0 145.348785872 83% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.581730769231 0.539623497131 108% => OK
Word variations: 55.2135803684 53.8517498576 103% => OK
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0529801325 77% => OK
Sentence length: 20.8 21.7502111507 96% => OK
Sentence length SD: 67.7265826688 49.3711431718 137% => OK
Chars per sentence: 126.6 132.220823453 96% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.8 21.7502111507 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 0.6 0.878197800319 68% => OK
Paragraphs: 3.0 4.09492273731 73% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 3.39072847682 88% => OK
Readability: 53.9730769231 50.5018328374 107% => OK
Elegance: 2.14583333333 1.90840788429 112% => OK
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.380362825053 0.549887131256 69% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence: 0.125966269407 0.142949733639 88% => OK
Sentence sentence coherence SD: 0.105834986549 0.0787303798458 134% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence: 0.587210661363 0.631733273073 93% => OK
Sentence paragraph coherence SD: 0.148280731632 0.139662658121 106% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.184115243039 0.266732575781 69% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.17967410039 0.103435571967 174% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence: 0.316167918262 0.414875509568 76% => OK
Paragraph paragraph coherence SD: 0.0349508903392 0.0530846634433 66% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.306025014531 0.40443939384 76% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.187764019187 0.0528353158467 355% => Less connections among paragraphs
Task Achievement:
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.26048565121 94% => OK
Positive topic words: 4.0 3.49668874172 114% => OK
Negative topic words: 1.0 3.62251655629 28% => More negative topic words wanted.
Neutral topic words: 2.0 3.1766004415 63% => OK
Total topic words: 7.0 10.2958057395 68% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
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Not in a correct format.
The correct pattern:
para 1: introduction
para 2: doubt 1
para 3: doubt 2
para 4: doubt 3
Less contents wanted from the reading passages(25%) but more content wanted from the lecture (75%).
Don't need a conclusion paragraph.
Read sample essays from ETS:
http://www.testbig.com/users/toeflwritingmaster
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: This is not the final score. The e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.