Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The given set of materials discuss the existence of bees easily in 200 million years ago and their fossil remnants. Based on the arguments of no fossil of real bees, absence of flowering plants, and lack of minute structural details, the author supports his doubt on the fossil structured discovered to be the remnants of bee nests. However, the professor in the lecture refutes the author's theory, stating that the mentioned points are not convincing.
First, the author mentions that there were fossils of real bees were missing from 200 million years ago. The earliest found fossil of bees were from 100 million years ago. However, the author presents shortsightedness of this belief by highlighting that trees produce a sticky substance, which acts as a mode of preservation substance for fossils of bees, which the ancient trees must have lacked.
Secondly, the writer details the absence of flowering plant for bees to survive on. To this the orator mentions that earlier bees may not have a strong fondness for flowering plants. They must have fed on non-flowering plants, e.g. fern, pine trees. Over the years they must have evolved and adapted to thriving on flowering plants.
Finally, the author supports his claim by mentioning that the fossil remains miss fine details of bee nests. However, the professor mentions there are several chemical evidence present that the ancient nests had water proofing substances exactly similar to modern bees.
In conclusion, although the reading passage and the lecture both discuss the fossil remains of structure resembling bee nests, the author presents three theories to support his claim that the remains may not have been created by the bees. However, the speaker highlights several relevent information which casts doubt on the author's beliefs.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 379, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...er, the professor in the lecture refutes the authors theory, stating that the men...
^^
Line 1, column 385, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...e professor in the lecture refutes the authors theory, stating that the mentioned poin...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 77, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e were fossils of real bees were missing from 200 million years ago. The earliest...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
e.g., finally, first, however, may, second, secondly, so, in conclusion
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 15.0 22.412803532 67% => OK
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1522.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 290.0 270.72406181 107% => OK
Chars per words: 5.24827586207 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.12666770723 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.53199267778 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 149.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.513793103448 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 431.1 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 56.5934300651 49.2860985944 115% => OK
Chars per sentence: 108.714285714 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.7142857143 21.698381199 95% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.07142857143 7.06452816374 72% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.318670306338 0.272083759551 117% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.118906461712 0.0996497079465 119% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.106351634864 0.0662205650399 161% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.177897721168 0.162205337803 110% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0909230404903 0.0443174109184 205% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.17 12.2367328918 108% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.66 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.