Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
Both the reading and the professor talk about posibility of existance of bees as earlt as 200 million years ago. The author prepare three resaons to prove that the structure have been found in Arizona not belong to bees. On the other hand, the lecturer does not believe the causion mentioned by writer and thinks they are not convincing.
First, the writer indicates that no fossil of bees discovered yet. The professor accepts so. But, she knows the reason is circumstances that created by trees which bees lived in. She asserts that no fossills of peresence now due to sticky liquid interior of these trees. Parallerly, these trees very rare independetly.
Second, the writer blieves that there is a initmate link between bees existance and flowering plants because bees feed on flowering plants. In contrast, the lecturer says that bees could feed on non-flowering plant that preeced before flowering plants in that time. After existance of flowering plant the bees feed on them and adopted.
Finally, Although the lecture claims that structure of discovered nest diffrent from structures of conemporary bees nests, the lecturer says the examinations shows that the chemical substances common in both nests. This chemical substance protects nests from water.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-09-07 | YasamanEsml | 88 | view |
| 2023-08-04 | sahel | 76 | view |
| 2023-06-29 | Vivian Chang | 73 | view |
| 2023-02-18 | reza_fattahi | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 125, Rule ID: MASS_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Possible agreement error - use third-person verb forms for singular and mass nouns: 'prepares'.
Suggestion: prepares
...lt as 200 million years ago. The author prepare three resaons to prove that the structu...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 42, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...econd, the writer blieves that there is a initmate link between bees existance an...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, if, second, so, in contrast, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 4.0 10.4613686534 38% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1068.0 1373.03311258 78% => OK
No of words: 203.0 270.72406181 75% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.26108374384 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.77462671648 4.04702891845 93% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.58331059966 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 124.0 145.348785872 85% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.610837438424 0.540411800872 113% => OK
syllable_count: 312.3 419.366225166 74% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 15.0 21.2450331126 71% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 47.0054762012 49.2860985944 95% => OK
Chars per sentence: 82.1538461538 110.228320801 75% => OK
Words per sentence: 15.6153846154 21.698381199 72% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.15384615385 7.06452816374 73% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.255484799816 0.272083759551 94% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0794283658857 0.0996497079465 80% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0649603797984 0.0662205650399 98% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.135971864149 0.162205337803 84% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.057132476023 0.0443174109184 129% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.2 13.3589403974 84% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 64.71 53.8541721854 120% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.0 11.0289183223 73% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.93 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.11 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 48.0 63.6247240618 75% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 10.7273730684 65% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.0 10.498013245 76% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.