Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading passage claims that dinosaurs are animals that it so called endotherms. The reading illustrates three ideas which support them. However, the lecture finds all the ideas implausible and presents some evidence to refute them all.
Firstly, the reading passage asserts that fossils of dinosaurs are found in regions of polar. On the other hand, the lecture brings up the idea that dinosaurs living in the area were much warmer today. Because of cold region, animals like dinosaurs couldn't migrate and hibernate. This evidence doesn't prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Secondly, the author argues that there has been a relationship between endotherm and the position of legs and its movement. On the contrary, the lecture dismisses this issue due to the fact that body structure of dinosaurs support more weight and dinosaurs had a large body in its size. Moreover, dinosaurs can run away and evolve during to their living.
Finally, the reading passage states that there has been a relationship between endotherm and bone structure. Conversely, the professor highlights the fact that bone structure is dense and was growing. Dinosaurs had rapidly pattern of growing such as a high and slow pattern. Moreover, the temperature of dinosaurs’ body depends on the environment which lived and it becoming cool.
As a result, the lecture refutes all of the ideas which are presented in the passage.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 250, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
... of cold region, animals like dinosaurs couldnt migrate and hibernate. This evidence do...
^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 295, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...nt migrate and hibernate. This evidence doesnt prove that dinosaurs were endotherms. ...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 223, Rule ID: HAVE_PART_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Possible agreement error -- use past participle here: 'patterned'.
Suggestion: patterned
... and was growing. Dinosaurs had rapidly pattern of growing such as a high and slow patt...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 34, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...ool. As a result, the lecture refutes all of the ideas which are presented in the passag...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
conversely, finally, first, firstly, however, moreover, second, secondly, so, such as, as a result, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 23.0 30.3222958057 76% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1190.0 1373.03311258 87% => OK
No of words: 226.0 270.72406181 83% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.26548672566 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.87727950738 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67480712488 2.5805825403 104% => OK
Unique words: 125.0 145.348785872 86% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.553097345133 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 367.2 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Interrogative: 0.0 0.116997792494 0% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 15.0 21.2450331126 71% => OK
Sentence length SD: 26.5517524008 49.2860985944 54% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 79.3333333333 110.228320801 72% => OK
Words per sentence: 15.0666666667 21.698381199 69% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.93333333333 7.06452816374 126% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.155823585008 0.272083759551 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0511285134688 0.0996497079465 51% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0458310500569 0.0662205650399 69% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0757915492196 0.162205337803 47% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0520466814625 0.0443174109184 117% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.9 13.3589403974 82% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 56.25 53.8541721854 104% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.69 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.43 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 58.0 63.6247240618 91% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.0 10.498013245 76% => Gunning_fog is low.
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => The average readability is low. Need to imporve the language.
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.