Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms. Polar dinosaurs One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates. Leg position and movement There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The author of the reading states that recent evidence indicated that dinosaurs are endotherms animals. Which means, they can sustain stable body temperature. However, the professor cast doubts on the claims made in the article. She confirms that dinosaurs are not endothermal animals.
First, the lecturer argues that dinosaurs' fossils, which have been detected in the polar sits, asserts that these cold areas were much warmer than today. She further explains that polar dinosaurs could hibernate or migrate to warmer areas because they could not sustain the cold and harsh environment. On the other hand, the author posits that the presence of dinosaurs' remnants in the cold regions affirms that dinosaurs are endothermy creatures.
The lecturer contradicts the second point made in the passage, He says that there is another explanation behind the position of legs beneath the dinosaur’s bodies, which is to support more weight of the huge body mass. Furthermore, she demonstrates there is a poor connection between the location of the legs beneath the dinosaurs' body and endothermy. Nevertheless, the author suggests that the endothermal characteristics of dinosaurs are strongly correlated with the site and movement of its lower extremities.
Finally, the professor states that, on the contrary of the reading, the bone structure of the Dinosaurs composes of not only Haversian canals but also growth rings. These rings provide evidence that dinosaurs stop growing or grow slowly in a cold environment, this clearly illustrates that they undergo through a silent growth phase during cold seasons.
In the other words, if these creatures were endotherm, they would grow rapidly even when the temperature is low because of the constant body temperature as endotherm do. This contradicts the final idea of the reading because it is only said that the existence of Haversian canals is a powerful index that the animal is endotherm because these canals enable the living animals to grow fast, which explains why the author believes that Dinosaurs are endotherms
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| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 326, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'dinosaurs'' or 'dinosaur's'?
Suggestion: dinosaurs'; dinosaur's
...en the location of the legs beneath the dinosaurs body and endothermy. Nevertheless, the ...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 6, column 299, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... of Haversian canals is a powerful index that the animal is endotherm because the...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, nevertheless, second, so, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 21.0 12.0772626932 174% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 5.01324503311 219% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1751.0 1373.03311258 128% => OK
No of words: 325.0 270.72406181 120% => OK
Chars per words: 5.38769230769 5.08290768461 106% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.24591054749 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.75346623937 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 170.0 145.348785872 117% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.523076923077 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 535.5 419.366225166 128% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 62.0273557162 49.2860985944 126% => OK
Chars per sentence: 125.071428571 110.228320801 113% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.2142857143 21.698381199 107% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.07142857143 7.06452816374 114% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.219331695518 0.272083759551 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0776912432809 0.0996497079465 78% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0614073889566 0.0662205650399 93% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.120491655434 0.162205337803 74% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0691830661864 0.0443174109184 156% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.6 13.3589403974 117% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 48.13 53.8541721854 89% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.28 12.2367328918 117% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.66 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.