Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The professor disagrees with the notion in the text about three evidence that suggest dinosaurs were endotherms. She brings several reasons to support her idea.
First, the the lecturer specifies that polar regions on that time were warmer that now so by considering polar regions we cannot conclude that dinosaurs were endotherms. In addition, on that time dinasuar were able to migrate to warm places or go to hibernating. In contrast, the reading mentions that dinosaurs were enthoterms because their fossils have been discover on polar places. Thus, they were enthotherms that could live in cold climates.
Second, the speaker clarifies that dinosaurs had strong legs that could supported their weight. Hence, they should be a large animals that they had powerful body structure. As a aresult, they were huge so they could not run. Consequently, dinosaurs were not endoterms. However, the article states that dinosaurs were endotherms because of the position of their legs. Actually, the author of the text beleives that dinusars could run threfore they were endotherms due to the fact that endotherms have legs under their body.
Finally, the instructor hints that dinosaurs had growth rings in their bone that indicated their growth level. This rings show that dinosaurs have fluctuation in the level of their growth but fluctuatuin in growthing is not a feature of endotherm animals. Thus, dinosaurs were not endotherms. On the other hand, according to the reading, bone structure of dinosaurs indicated Haversian canals and only endotherms had Haversian canals. Thereby, dinasurs were endotherms animla
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- A huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first Europeans to see one. In 1768 the animal became ex 80
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 8, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: the
... reasons to support her idea. First, the the lecturer specifies that polar regions o...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 8, Rule ID: DT_DT[1]
Message: Maybe you need to remove one determiner so that only 'the' or 'the' is left.
Suggestion: the; the
... reasons to support her idea. First, the the lecturer specifies that polar regions o...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 361, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'discovered'.
Suggestion: discovered
...hoterms because their fossils have been discover on polar places. Thus, they were enthot...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 127, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'animal'?
Suggestion: animal
...r weight. Hence, they should be a large animals that they had powerful body structure. ...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 177, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...at they had powerful body structure. As a aresult, they were huge so they could n...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, but, consequently, finally, first, hence, however, if, second, so, thus, in addition, in contrast, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 34.0 22.412803532 152% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1367.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 253.0 270.72406181 93% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.40316205534 5.08290768461 106% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.98822939669 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.64050554338 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 138.0 145.348785872 95% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.545454545455 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 405.9 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Interrogative: 0.0 0.116997792494 0% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 14.0 21.2450331126 66% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 41.8555763711 49.2860985944 85% => OK
Chars per sentence: 80.4117647059 110.228320801 73% => OK
Words per sentence: 14.8823529412 21.698381199 69% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.41176470588 7.06452816374 105% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.151721352253 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0574886718847 0.0996497079465 58% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0403436466495 0.0662205650399 61% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0871739503664 0.162205337803 54% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0482188189779 0.0443174109184 109% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.4 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 57.27 53.8541721854 106% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.8 11.0289183223 80% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.45 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.45 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 66.0 63.6247240618 104% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 7.6 10.498013245 72% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.