Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading and the listening don’t concur with the concept whether dinosaurs were endotherms due to several evidences.
First of all, the reading passage indicates that fossils of dinosaurs found in polar region can prove that dinosaurs were endotherms because only endotherms can be active in there. However, the speaker claims that polar region at that time was warmer than today. Moreover, even when the climate is too cool for dinosaurs to live in, they might migrate to other places which were warmer or they could hibernate while winter.
Secondly, contrary to the belief in the reading that endothermy allows running efficiently only if legs are positioned under body, so dinosaurs whose legs were below their bodies were regard as endotherms, the speaker argues that dinosaurs’ legs were underneath their bodies because they need to support their heavy weight. As a result, dinosaurs’ legs below their bodies were not a characteristic of endotherms but for a good support of bodies.
Lastly, from the reading, endotherms usually include Haversian canals which allow animal grow up rapidly, so do dinosaurs. Yet, the speaker indicates that dinosaurs’ growth rings weren’t a characteristic of endotherms. To be precise, it is true that dinosaurs will grow quickly while the weather is warm but they will grow slowly or even stop growing when the weather get cold. As a result, dinosaurs were not endotherms due to the growing pattern.
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- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Playing computer games is a waste of time Children should not be allowed to play them Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 80
- Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant For instance humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37 C no matter whether the environment is warm or cold Because dinosaurs were rep
- TOEFL T P O 4 Integrated Writing Task 3
- TOEFL T P O 4 Integrated Writing Task 3
- Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant For instance humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37 C no matter whether the environment is warm or cold Because dinosaurs were rep 76
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 312, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...dies because they need to support their heavy weight. As a result, dinosaurs’ legs below the...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, lastly, moreover, second, secondly, so, while, as a result, first of all, it is true
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1232.0 1373.03311258 90% => OK
No of words: 233.0 270.72406181 86% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.28755364807 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.90696013833 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.66903794684 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 131.0 145.348785872 90% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.562231759657 0.540411800872 104% => OK
syllable_count: 367.2 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 5.0 8.23620309051 61% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 68.8715471004 49.2860985944 140% => OK
Chars per sentence: 123.2 110.228320801 112% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.3 21.698381199 107% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.9 7.06452816374 154% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 4.45695364238 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.232648008404 0.272083759551 86% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0996145150955 0.0996497079465 100% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0639278673969 0.0662205650399 97% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.142567173348 0.162205337803 88% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0293454987285 0.0443174109184 66% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.1 13.3589403974 113% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 48.13 53.8541721854 89% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.7 12.2367328918 112% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.3 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 52.0 63.6247240618 82% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.