Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms. Polar dinosaurs One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates. Leg position and movement There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms. Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading and lecture are about whether dinosaurs were endotherms, which is the ability to keep the body temperature constant, on not. The author of the reading provides three reasons of support. However, the professor believes that this is a wrong assumption.
First, the reading mentions the location of some discovered fossils could indicate that these animals were actually endotherms. The professor refutes this point by saying that polar regions used to be warmer than today, even in cold seasons dinosaurs could migrate to warmer places or hibernate. She thinks that this will not prove anything.
Second, the author argues that the position and movement of legs emphasize that dinosaurs were endotherms. This point is also challenged by the lecturer. She clarifies that the position of the legs could be just helping the animal to gain more weight, this way enables it to grow to a very large size. Thus the professor declines the need for the idea of the author that dinosaurs' leg was designed to help the animal have high levels of energy.
Finally, the reading states that the bone structure of dinosaurs and the presence of Haversian canals underline the fact that these giants were endotherms. Whereas, the professor argues emphasizes the existence of growth rings which indicate the periods of time when dinosaurs do not grow, and these growth rings stopped in cooler periods. Therefore if dinosaurs were truly endotherms there should not be such pauses.
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| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 302, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...nables it to grow to a very large size. Thus the professor declines the need for the...
^^^^
Line 4, column 289, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...iods of time when dinosaurs do not grow, and these growth rings stopped in cooler...
^^
Line 4, column 341, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...growth rings stopped in cooler periods. Therefore if dinosaurs were truly endotherms ther...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, finally, first, however, if, second, so, therefore, thus, whereas
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1234.0 1373.03311258 90% => OK
No of words: 240.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.14166666667 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.93597934253 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.48891989068 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 138.0 145.348785872 95% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.575 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 377.1 419.366225166 90% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 46.4906938579 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 94.9230769231 110.228320801 86% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.4615384615 21.698381199 85% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.23076923077 7.06452816374 88% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.122134838928 0.272083759551 45% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0427701986209 0.0996497079465 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0575746240342 0.0662205650399 87% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0761156446011 0.162205337803 47% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.034928952292 0.0443174109184 79% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.0 13.3589403974 90% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.53 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.54 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 61.0 63.6247240618 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.