Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The passage mainly discusses that dinosaurs were endotherms. Provided with three supporting reasons to come to this conclusion. However, the lecturer does not agree that dinosaurs were endotherms on contrary she provided three reasons.
Firstly, the text states that based on fossils, dinosaurs used to live in polar regions which are colder and able to manage their body temperature. On other hand, the teacher claims that these polar regions were warmer than current one's and dinosaurs may live there in nonwinter seasons and migrated to somewhere else in winter.
Secondly, the reading asserts that dinosaurs had legs under their body which is the characteristic of many endotherms. In contrast, the professor counters that dinosaurs' long legs are there to support their body weight, and long legs do not mean that they are endotherms.
Moreover, the author tells that dinosaurs consist of Haversian canals which support the body growth of dinosaurs which is also a property of endotherms. On the other hand, the speaker argues that dinosaurs also consist of a growth ring that stops the growth of individual animal body growth for a specific time and then starts again which tells that dinosaurs do not grow constantly. Endotherms have the characteristic to grow continuously and constantly throughout life.
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| 2023-11-14 | TiOluwani97 | 80 | view |
| 2023-07-20 | guna | 73 | view |
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| 2023-07-04 | Hrushikesh_Vaddoriya | 66 | view |
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, firstly, however, if, may, moreover, second, secondly, so, then, in contrast, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1109.0 1373.03311258 81% => OK
No of words: 208.0 270.72406181 77% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.33173076923 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.79765784423 4.04702891845 94% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.70248334596 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 111.0 145.348785872 76% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.533653846154 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 328.5 419.366225166 78% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 50.2741484264 49.2860985944 102% => OK
Chars per sentence: 110.9 110.228320801 101% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.8 21.698381199 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.8 7.06452816374 153% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.159074260425 0.272083759551 58% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0683042308615 0.0996497079465 69% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0299500665647 0.0662205650399 45% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0923017293163 0.162205337803 57% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0173081757822 0.0443174109184 39% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.1 13.3589403974 106% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.63 12.2367328918 111% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.5 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 51.0 63.6247240618 80% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 68.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 20.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.