The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The reading discusses a fascinating topic pertaining to evidence demonstrated the reasons of occuring the little ice age and provides several reasons of support. In contrast, in the lecture, the professor believes that all of these reasons which have been mentioned in the reading are out of date and not acceptable, so, opposes each of the author's reasons.
First of all, the author of the reading points out that dercreasing of the tempreture is due to the disrupting of ocean currents. According to the melting the glaciers and sent into the Gulf stream was caused to affect on Earth's climate and little ice age. However, the professor explains that this event have been done in Eourope and North of American, but the southern area shch as Newziland and south of Africa showed the little ice age which were free of that events mentioned in the reading. Furthermore, the author of the reading hold a views that volcanic eruption could have caused the little ice age. In the lecture, the professor believes that although, the volcanic eruption which produced black clouds of dust and sulfur gas can reduce the tempreture due to blocking the sun radiation, but all of these events have an visual signature such as affecting on the sun set or the color of the snow will be changed; non of these events during little ice age had not been occured.
Finally, the author believes that because of decrease the human population the number of the trees increase and let to absorb the CO2 and reduce the green gas, so, the tempreture became coold. However, the professor explains that the increasing the number of the frost and absorbing the CO2 need more time but this events have been done very quickly and is not true.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 213, Rule ID: AFFECT_EFFECT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'effect'?
Suggestion: effect
...sent into the Gulf stream was caused to affect on Earths climate and little ice age. Howe...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 542, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[1]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'a view' or simply 'views'?
Suggestion: a view; views
...hermore, the author of the reading hold a views that volcanic eruption could have cause...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 828, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...radiation, but all of these events have an visual signature such as affecting on t...
^^
Line 5, column 311, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...nd absorbing the CO2 need more time but this events have been done very quickly and ...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, furthermore, however, so, in contrast, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 15.0 7.30242825607 205% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 13.0 22.412803532 58% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1423.0 1373.03311258 104% => OK
No of words: 296.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 4.80743243243 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14784890444 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.45136913713 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 146.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.493243243243 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 441.0 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 32.0 21.2450331126 151% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 75.7766373326 49.2860985944 154% => OK
Chars per sentence: 158.111111111 110.228320801 143% => OK
Words per sentence: 32.8888888889 21.698381199 152% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.0 7.06452816374 127% => OK
Paragraphs: 3.0 4.09492273731 73% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.116162399789 0.272083759551 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0573272889902 0.0996497079465 58% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.052241938197 0.0662205650399 79% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0676149787269 0.162205337803 42% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0522944230048 0.0443174109184 118% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.7 13.3589403974 132% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 47.46 53.8541721854 88% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.6 11.0289183223 132% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.21 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.53 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 62.0 63.6247240618 97% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.8 10.498013245 141% => OK
text_standard: 15.0 11.2008830022 134% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Minimum four paragraphs wanted. The correct pattern:
para 1: introduction
para 2: doubt 1
para 3: doubt 2
para 4: doubt 3
Less contents wanted from the reading passages(25%), more content wanted from the lecture (75%).
Don't need a conclusion paragraph.
Read sample essays from ETS:
http://www.testbig.com/users/toeflwritingmaster
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.