The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperatures in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C.E. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disruption of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream current. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruptions could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees and less carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
Recently, there has been a debate on the little ice age cooling.More specifically, in regard to the reading passage, the writer puts forth the idea on three presumably causes for the cooling.In the listening passage, the lecturer is quick to point out that there are some serious flaws in the writers claim. In fact, the professor believes and addresses in detail the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that cooling could be as a result of alteration of the ocean current that sends excessive cold fresh water into the gulp stream.Some professionals in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim by stating that disruption causes cooling in Europe and North America.Besides, this affect the hemisphere in New Zealand.Therefore this occurrence is unexplainable.
One group of scholars represented by the writer thinks that volcanic eruption is another probable factor because it sends dark clouds of dust and sulphur into the atmosphere.Of course, though, not all experts in the field this is accurate.Again, the speaker addresses the point when he assert that excessive volcanic eruption produces noticeable striking effect.Moreover, there is no evidence regarding snow appearing greyish or whitish, or the presence of dramatic sunset.Therefore there won't be reduction in global temperature.
Finally, the author brings his argument to a close by suggesting that significant reduction in human population could unintentionally support the cooling of the climate.Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes the issue by contending that the reduction of carbon dioxide does not pose any threat because forest will undergo deforestation and the field would appeared cleared. What's more, there would be crop fields growing for the population.Therefore forest would not cause the cooling of the climate.
To sum up, both the writer and the professor hold conflicting views towards climate cooling. It is clear that they will have trouble finding common ground.
- Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks so they called the 83
- You are going to start a new business Which of the following do you feel is most important to be successful a lots of money b lots of friends c lots of products 70
- In order to get informed a person must get information from many news resources Do you agree or disagree u 76
- The zebra mussel a freshwater shellfish native to Eastern Europe has long been spreading out from its original habitats and has now reached parts of SNorth America There are reasons to believe that this invasion cannot be stopped and that it poses a serio 80
- in the United States it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires The let it burn policy assumed that forest fires would burn themselves out quickly without causing much damage However in the summer of 1988 forest 68
Grammar and spelling errors:
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Suggestion: More
... a debate on the little ice age cooling.More specifically, in regard to the reading ...
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...three presumably causes for the cooling.In the listening passage, the lecturer is ...
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Suggestion: Some
...e cold fresh water into the gulp stream.Some professionals in the same field, howeve...
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Suggestion: Besides
...ses cooling in Europe and North America.Besides, this affect the hemisphere in New Zea...
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...e and North America.Besides, this affect the hemisphere in New Zealand.Therefore ...
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Suggestion: Therefore
...s affect the hemisphere in New Zealand.Therefore this occurrence is unexplainable. On...
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Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
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...s affect the hemisphere in New Zealand.Therefore this occurrence is unexplainable. On...
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...of dust and sulphur into the atmosphere.Of course, though, not all experts in the ...
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Suggestion: Again
...l experts in the field this is accurate.Again, the speaker addresses the point when h...
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Line 5, column 287, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'he' must be used with a third-person verb: 'asserts'.
Suggestion: asserts
...the speaker addresses the point when he assert that excessive volcanic eruption produc...
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Suggestion: Moreover
...ion produces noticeable striking effect.Moreover, there is no evidence regarding snow ap...
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...vidence regarding snow appearing greyish or whitish, or the presence of dramatic ...
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...ish, or the presence of dramatic sunset.Therefore there wont be reduction in global tempe...
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Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...ish, or the presence of dramatic sunset.Therefore there wont be reduction in global tempe...
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Line 7, column 70, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
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...s argument to a close by suggesting that significant reduction in human populatio...
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Suggestion: Not
...ally support the cooling of the climate.Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes the is...
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Line 7, column 349, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
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...will undergo deforestation and the field would appeared cleared. Whats more, th...
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...dergo deforestation and the field would appeared cleared. Whats more, there wou...
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Message: The verb 'would' requires the base form of the verb: 'appear'
Suggestion: appear
...rgo deforestation and the field would appeared cleared. Whats more, there would be cr...
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Line 7, column 366, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
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...restation and the field would appeared cleared. Whats more, there would be crop...
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...nd the field would appeared cleared. Whats more, there would be crop fields growin...
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...ere would be crop fields growing for the population.Therefore forest would not ca...
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Suggestion: Therefore
...crop fields growing for the population.Therefore forest would not cause the cooling of t...
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Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...crop fields growing for the population.Therefore forest would not cause the cooling of t...
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
besides, finally, first, however, if, moreover, regarding, so, therefore, in fact, of course, as a result, in regard to, to sum up
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 15.0 5.01324503311 299% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1740.0 1373.03311258 127% => OK
No of words: 317.0 270.72406181 117% => OK
Chars per words: 5.48895899054 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.21953715646 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.16287551263 2.5805825403 123% => OK
Unique words: 192.0 145.348785872 132% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.605678233438 0.540411800872 112% => OK
syllable_count: 522.0 419.366225166 124% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 8.0 13.0662251656 61% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 39.0 21.2450331126 184% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 167.917948713 49.2860985944 341% => The lengths of sentences changed so frequently.
Chars per sentence: 217.5 110.228320801 197% => OK
Words per sentence: 39.625 21.698381199 183% => OK
Discourse Markers: 16.25 7.06452816374 230% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 24.0 4.19205298013 573% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.27373068433 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0418947487748 0.272083759551 15% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0189400802521 0.0996497079465 19% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0209565798172 0.0662205650399 32% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0218933862298 0.162205337803 13% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0149492636797 0.0443174109184 34% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 24.2 13.3589403974 181% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 31.89 53.8541721854 59% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 11.2 5.55761589404 202% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 18.5 11.0289183223 168% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 15.15 12.2367328918 124% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 10.0 8.42419426049 119% => OK
difficult_words: 89.0 63.6247240618 140% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 10.7273730684 168% => OK
gunning_fog: 17.6 10.498013245 168% => OK
text_standard: 18.0 11.2008830022 161% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.