Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch
themselves into the air.
The article and the lecture both discuss Pterosaurs. In the reading, the author doubts about Pterosaurs being a flying reptile dinosaur. In contrast, the lecturer explains all the reasons for classifying Pterosaurs to be flying reptiles.
Firstly, the author claims that pterosaurs were cool-blooded reptiles. Pterosaurs can be a bird, only it’s a warm blooded animal. However, the lecturer says that fossils have shown that pterosaurs had fine hair like coverings over the body, which is a particular feature of warm blooded animals. In addition, the lecturer mentions that as
pterosaurs are warm blooded animals, they maintain and produce the energy required for metabolism in cold weather.
Secondly, the writer asserts that Pterosaurs have heavy bodies. Due to heavy body is difficult for Pterosaurs to fly. As opposed to the authors, the lecturer explains that though pterosaurs have huge body structure it was light weight. Lecturer also added that pterosaurs bones were hollow making Pterosaur an airborne animal.
Lastly, author also doubts on pterosaurs being flying reptile by saying that birds need strong legs to run and to jump to take a flight. The lecturer disputes this claim by elaborating on the mechanics for flight in pterosaurs. The lecturer highlights that pterosaurs walk on four legs and thus uses all of the four legs to run and to jump. These
way pterosaurs can jump high enough to be a bird.
- A large company in your area has decided to spend a certain amount of money either to sponsor a local children s sports team for two years or to pay for two open air concerts It has asked for feedback from the general public Write a letter to the com 87
- You have seen an advertisement from a couple who live in Australia for someone to teach their two children your language for a year Write a letter to the couple In your letter 1 Explain why you think you would be suitable for the job 2 Say what else you c 81
- The growth of online shopping will one day lead to all shops in towns and cities closing Do you agree or disagree 89
- Your local council is considering closing a sports and leisure centre that it runs in order to save money Write a letter to the local council In your letter give details of how you and your friends or family use the centre explain why the sports and leisu 89
- In recent years many small local shops have closed because customers travel to large shopping centers or malls to do their shopping Is this a positive or negative development 84
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 4, column 222, Rule ID: LIGHT_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'lightweight'?
Suggestion: lightweight
...rosaurs have huge body structure it was light weight. Lecturer also added that pterosaurs bo...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 300, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...rosaurs walk on four legs and thus uses all of the four legs to run and to jump. These wa...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, firstly, however, if, lastly, second, secondly, so, thus, in addition, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1198.0 1373.03311258 87% => OK
No of words: 230.0 270.72406181 85% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.20869565217 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.89432290496 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.6570020202 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 126.0 145.348785872 87% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.547826086957 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 351.0 419.366225166 84% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 15.0 21.2450331126 71% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 36.0770779797 49.2860985944 73% => OK
Chars per sentence: 79.8666666667 110.228320801 72% => OK
Words per sentence: 15.3333333333 21.698381199 71% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.33333333333 7.06452816374 90% => OK
Paragraphs: 6.0 4.09492273731 147% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.223233570944 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0906163905767 0.0996497079465 91% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0593872024597 0.0662205650399 90% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.120071858149 0.162205337803 74% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0599428912303 0.0443174109184 135% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.8 13.3589403974 81% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 64.71 53.8541721854 120% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.0 11.0289183223 73% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.35 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.16 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.0 10.498013245 76% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Maximum four paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.