tpo-47
In the reading, the author claims that pterosaurs, ancient winged reptiles, were not capable of flying by flapping their wings, called powered flight, by pointing out 3 arguments of support. However, finding all the arguments and reasons questionable and implausible, the lecturer repudiates them and presents some evidence to the contrary.
At first, the author argues that pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded animals like the modern reptiles. Owing to the fact that flying needs a lot of energy and moreover cold-blooded animals have slow metabolism, pterosaurs could not have been able to fly. Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that although pterosaurs were cold-blooded, new fossils evidence has indicated that they had hair or fur covering which helped them maintain their body heat. Hence, they would have been able to keep their body warm enough in harsh cold temperature in order to generate sufficient energy needed for flapping the wings and flight.
In addition, the reading passage holds the view that pterosaurs were too much heavy so that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough for flight. That being said, the lecturer disputes this argument by clarifying the fact that this species had an anatomy and structures so that made them light despite their size. The bones of pterosaurs were hollow and this feature had a significant effect on their weight. These kinds of bones made these species low weight enough to be kept airborne by powered flight.
Finally, the author draws attention to small and weak back leg muscles of the pterosaurs as the last point in supporting the claim that they would not have flown. Yet again, the author dismisses it by pointing out that there are differences between birds and pterosaurs. Birds use only their back limbs to flight, on the contrary, the pterosaurs were using all the four limbs to push off the ground, run fast and jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
conversely, finally, first, hence, however, if, moreover, so, in addition, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1645.0 1373.03311258 120% => OK
No of words: 325.0 270.72406181 120% => OK
Chars per words: 5.06153846154 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.24591054749 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.50387817538 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 181.0 145.348785872 125% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.556923076923 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 476.1 419.366225166 114% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 36.2967714997 49.2860985944 74% => OK
Chars per sentence: 126.538461538 110.228320801 115% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.0 21.698381199 115% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.92307692308 7.06452816374 98% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.566568648261 0.272083759551 208% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.188278274653 0.0996497079465 189% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.105005273369 0.0662205650399 159% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.314349952584 0.162205337803 194% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0898423537703 0.0443174109184 203% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.9 13.3589403974 112% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.56 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.36 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.23 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 69.0 63.6247240618 108% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.