Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
both the reading article and the lecturer discuss dinosaurs were endotherms or not. In the reading part author's opinion the dinosaurs were endotherms, while the speaker opposes this opinion providing arguments to the reading part. The details about this inconsistency in the opinions are provided in the following essay.
First of all, the first argument which is the author presents is the place where the dinosaurs fossils have been found,. Thus, it is severe weather in polar regions the animals can survive if they would be endotherms. The lecturer opposes this reason providing the fact that at that time while the dinosaurs lived in polar regions, the weather was much warmer than today. however during the months when the polar regions were cold the animals whether migrated to warmer areas, or hibernated as many modern reptiles.
Second, the author claims that leg position of dinosaurs is like all modern endotherms. this is why, they could be sustained at their physical activities. Arguing on this opinion the speaker says, that the leg structure of dinosaurs is not necessarily mean they were for running. Because of this structure animals can grow to very large size, which had advantages for dinosaurs.
Third, the reading states that both the dinosaurs and the endotherms have the same bone structure called haversian canal. On the contrary, the lecturer opposes this statement saying that the bones both do have haversian canal, however the dinosaurs were not rapidly growing. In the cold weather the dinosaurs were not growing or they grew more slow, which is not endotherm's characteristic.
In conclusion, summarizing all the points up, it can be inferred that there is a contradiction between the ideas of the author and the speaker. The author believes that dinosaurs were endotherms, while the lecturer thinks that the animals were reptiles.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Both
both the reading article and the lecturer di...
^^^^
Line 4, column 119, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , .
...re the dinosaurs fossils have been found,. Thus, it is severe weather in polar reg...
^^
Line 4, column 373, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
...the weather was much warmer than today. however during the months when the polar region...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 373, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: however,
...the weather was much warmer than today. however during the months when the polar region...
^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 89, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...inosaurs is like all modern endotherms. this is why, they could be sustained at thei...
^^^^
Line 14, column 54, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ading states that both the dinosaurs and the endotherms have the same bone struct...
^^
Line 19, column 46, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...nclusion, summarizing all the points up, it can be inferred that there is a contr...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, if, second, so, third, thus, while, in conclusion, first of all, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 22.0 10.4613686534 210% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1605.0 1373.03311258 117% => OK
No of words: 301.0 270.72406181 111% => OK
Chars per words: 5.33222591362 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.16525528304 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.59203500932 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 148.0 145.348785872 102% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.491694352159 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 475.2 419.366225166 113% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 26.3672974535 49.2860985944 53% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 100.3125 110.228320801 91% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.8125 21.698381199 87% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.0 7.06452816374 85% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.121882906664 0.272083759551 45% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0475367023433 0.0996497079465 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0346008490803 0.0662205650399 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0711584399817 0.162205337803 44% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0255168791911 0.0443174109184 58% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.63 12.2367328918 111% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.94 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 65.0 63.6247240618 102% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.