tpo 47
Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The reading and lecture are both about the powered flight of Pterosaurs winged reptile which was used to live in the period of dinosaurs. The author of the reading feels that Pterosaurs was not able to fly and presents some hypothesis. The lecturer challenged the claim made by the author. He is on the opinion that the researcher proved that Pterosaurs were capable of powered flight.
To begin with, the author argues that reptiles are usually cold-blooded and their metabolism rate was low and unable to produce a large amount of energy. He also states that this small amount of energy is unable to support the powered flight. The specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. He mentions that Pterosaurs had a special feature like hair or fur which was capable of keeping the body warm. As a result, he would probably produce enough energy for the fly.
Second, the writer suggests that Pterosaurs may be so heavy that their wings could not support the pressure of the body and could not flap their wings so fast. However, the lecturer rebuts this by mentioning that scientist showed that anatomical feature was supported their body. He also claims that hollow space light feature bone possibly controls the weight of the body.
Third, the author posits that Pterosaurs could not able to take off because their back legs were so small. Additionally, for taking off jumping and running was essential to gain the speed and for this technique need powerful muscles which were missing. In contrast, the lecturer position is that taking off technique is different from birds and Pterosaurs. He states that they use four legs for the walk and push off from the ground. He also noted that studies proved that they had no trouble for jumping enough and walking with these small feet.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 237, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...le to fly and presents some hypothesis. The lecturer challenged the claim made by t...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, if, may, second, so, third, in contrast, as a result, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 34.0 22.412803532 152% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1494.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 304.0 270.72406181 112% => OK
Chars per words: 4.91447368421 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.17559525986 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.35474854713 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 156.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.513157894737 0.540411800872 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 444.6 419.366225166 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 31.2875933048 49.2860985944 63% => OK
Chars per sentence: 87.8823529412 110.228320801 80% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.8823529412 21.698381199 82% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.11764705882 7.06452816374 72% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.369925528134 0.272083759551 136% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.114624652078 0.0996497079465 115% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0786090864532 0.0662205650399 119% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.216446759169 0.162205337803 133% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0612488778615 0.0443174109184 138% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.6 13.3589403974 79% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.9 12.2367328918 89% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.75 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.