In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book's content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript. One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham's book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550. According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text. Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich's plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
Voynich manuscript was an ancient script written on a special material, vellum that contains a series of not understandable secrete code. Even as far as now, the manuscript is still not able to be decoded by scientists, which leads to the rise of many theories to explain. The article brings main three hypothetical guesses, while the lecture refutes all the point made by the article in the following reasons.
The first hypothesis the article made is to assume that the manuscript is a encrypted work about power. However, this point doesn’t hold to be true because the possible author of the script’s body of work was mainly about physics and medical science, which, therefore, it’s highly unlikely that content of the manuscript will be about magical power.
The second approach that article takes is saying that the manuscript is nothing more than some new characters arranged in a random order for nobles to pretend that they have magical power is also unlikely to be true. The reasons being simply being the fact that it takes a lot of care and effort to arrange and decrypted those messages into secrete codes, which is totally unnecessary for an other wise totally useless script that just serves for fooling people back then who were already not very smart.
Finally, the theory guessing that the manuscript is a modern fake produced by the person that first founded the Voynich manuscript is contradicted by the scientific study which gives evidence stating that not only the vellum, but also the ink, are at least centuries old. Therefore, it’s fair to say that it’s impossible to be a modern fake, because there’s no way to find ink that’s thousands of years old in modern days.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-07-20 | Zmx_109 | 80 | view |
| 2023-02-13 | zaid | 73 | view |
| 2023-01-19 | nikki07hung | 81 | view |
| 2022-11-11 | lucy_Taiwan | 81 | view |
| 2022-10-25 | _sta | 78 | view |
- Do you agree or not It is important to know about events happening around the world even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily life 81
- TPO 39 Independent taskDo you agree or disagree with the following statement In the past it was easier to identify what type of career or job would lead to a secure successful future Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 88
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement In the past young people depended too much on their parents to make decisions for them today young people are better able to make decisions about their own lives Use specific reasons and examples to su 71
- The world s forests are facing increasing pressure which if left unchecked will threaten the health of many industries economies nations and lives The development of an international fund to help developing countries implement useful conservation techniqu 81
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Because the world is changing so quickly people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers 76
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 76, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...ade is to assume that the manuscript is a encrypted work about power. However, th...
^
Line 3, column 391, Rule ID: AN_OTHER[1]
Message: Did you mean 'another'? This word sequence is usually spelled together.
Suggestion: another
...codes, which is totally unnecessary for an other wise totally useless script that just s...
^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 394, Rule ID: OTHER_WISE_OTHERWISE[1]
Message: Did you mean 'otherwise'?
Suggestion: otherwise
...es, which is totally unnecessary for an other wise totally useless script that just serves...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, second, so, still, then, therefore, while, at least
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1426.0 1373.03311258 104% => OK
No of words: 288.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 4.95138888889 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11953428781 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.5158041162 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 172.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.597222222222 0.540411800872 111% => OK
syllable_count: 434.7 419.366225166 104% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 32.0 21.2450331126 151% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 64.709226163 49.2860985944 131% => OK
Chars per sentence: 158.444444444 110.228320801 144% => OK
Words per sentence: 32.0 21.698381199 147% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.1111111111 7.06452816374 143% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.151080446486 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0681556184253 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0694793462466 0.0662205650399 105% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0921463444347 0.162205337803 57% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0375691392505 0.0443174109184 85% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.9 13.3589403974 134% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 47.46 53.8541721854 88% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.6 11.0289183223 132% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.02 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.95 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.8 10.498013245 141% => OK
text_standard: 15.0 11.2008830022 134% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 88.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.