Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain
an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it
was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that
dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a
temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as
running. But running is efficient only if an animal’s legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body’s side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The
legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These
canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of
Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading passage defends that dinosaurs are endotherms that are capable of keeping their body temperatures constant regardless of their environmental temperature, stating reasons for their position. The lecture by the professor however counters that although dinosaurs may be endotherms, the reasons explained by the passage have been countered by recent discoveries by scientists.
Firstly, the passage states that dinosaur have been discovered to exist in cold regions where only endotherms are capable of surviving; as evidenced by their fossils which have been found in these polar areas. The professor counters this reason by explaining that these so called ‘polar’ regions were warmer during the era of dinosaurs. She further explains that since dinosaurs could have hibernated in such conditions, this reason does not adequately prove that dinosaurs are endotherms.
Secondly, the author explains that the posture of dinosaurs with legs positioned under their bodies is a common physiology of endotherms which allows for sustained physical activity. The professor explains the described body structure of dinosaurs is more accurately suited to support the large body weight of dinosaurs which had advantages as at the time period.
Lastly, the author explains that the Haversian canal which has been identified in the fossilized bone structure of dinosaurs is symbol of endothermy. Although the professor agrees that Haversian canals have been present in the bones dinosaurs, she explains that the bones structures also consist of growth rings that slows the growth of dinosaurs as they grow older. This is contrary to the feature of endotherms that are capable of continuous rapid growth throughout their life span.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, firstly, however, if, lastly, may, second, secondly, so
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 0.0 7.30242825607 0% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 27.0 22.412803532 120% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1479.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 263.0 270.72406181 97% => OK
Chars per words: 5.62357414449 5.08290768461 111% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.02706775958 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.78947551471 2.5805825403 108% => OK
Unique words: 141.0 145.348785872 97% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.536121673004 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 447.3 419.366225166 107% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 31.823890397 49.2860985944 65% => OK
Chars per sentence: 147.9 110.228320801 134% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.3 21.698381199 121% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.8 7.06452816374 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 4.45695364238 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.17910960282 0.272083759551 66% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0803258541467 0.0996497079465 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0740632027008 0.0662205650399 112% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.120098007483 0.162205337803 74% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.051601602145 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 18.2 13.3589403974 136% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 36.63 53.8541721854 68% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.6 11.0289183223 132% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 15.61 12.2367328918 128% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.79 8.42419426049 116% => OK
difficult_words: 81.0 63.6247240618 127% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 16.0 11.2008830022 143% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, firstly, however, if, lastly, may, second, secondly, so
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 0.0 7.30242825607 0% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 27.0 22.412803532 120% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1479.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 263.0 270.72406181 97% => OK
Chars per words: 5.62357414449 5.08290768461 111% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.02706775958 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.78947551471 2.5805825403 108% => OK
Unique words: 141.0 145.348785872 97% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.536121673004 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 447.3 419.366225166 107% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 31.823890397 49.2860985944 65% => OK
Chars per sentence: 147.9 110.228320801 134% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.3 21.698381199 121% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.8 7.06452816374 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 4.45695364238 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.17910960282 0.272083759551 66% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0803258541467 0.0996497079465 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0740632027008 0.0662205650399 112% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.120098007483 0.162205337803 74% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.051601602145 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 18.2 13.3589403974 136% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 36.63 53.8541721854 68% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.6 11.0289183223 132% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 15.61 12.2367328918 128% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.79 8.42419426049 116% => OK
difficult_words: 81.0 63.6247240618 127% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 16.0 11.2008830022 143% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.