The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.
"In a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated solution of UltraClean produced a 40 percent greater reduction in the bacteria population than did the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During a subsequent test of UltraClean at our hospital in Workby, that hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply UltraClean at all hand-washing stations throughout our hospital system."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
In the memo from the director, it is recommended to replace the current antibacterial liquid soaps with UltraClean hand soaps. The director has come to this conclusion based on the fact that a laboratory study promised that the UltraClean solution had a 40 percent higher reduction rate than the current liquid soaps. The memo also supported this claim by adding that the hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection after using UltraClean solution at their hand washing stations. However before this recommendation is accepted, the following three questions must be answered.
To begin, was the drop in cases of infection at Workby hospital only because of the change in liquid soap at hand washing stations? It might be possible that there are other reasons for the reduction in infection cases. It may have been the case that, there was a spell of cold and rainy weather, due to which there was an uptick in infection cases prior to the study. But, when the weather became sunny, there was a drastic reduction in infection cases. Thus there is no conclusive evidence to support the claim that the drop was caused unconditionally only because of the hand soap.
Secondly, It is assumed that the trend that was seen at Workby hospital would apply similarly to all other hospitals. There is no consideration about the size of the hospitals, the number of patients they treat per day and the overall sanitation levels at each hospital. Thus, it might be the case that Workby hospital was a small one and therfore the reduction in cases was significant. But, for a large hospital, changing only the hand soap brand might not have such a huge effect.
Moreover, the efficacy of UltraClean cannot be accurately stated just on the basis on a single laboratory study. It is a common practice in scientific ventures to extensively test any new chemical and the effectiveness of that chemical is declared only after considering all factors. But, in UltraClean’s case, the director is suggesting to use it based on just a single laboratory study. Therefore, there is a need for further research into the properties of the UltraClean solution. After extensive research, we might some side effects that occur due to regular use of UltraClean. This would prove to be a reckless move as it would endanger the patient’s health, who ironically had come to the hospital in order to improve their health.
In conclusion, the argument, as it stands now is considerably flawed due to its reliance on several unwarranted assumptions. If the director is able to answer the three question above and offer more evidence (preferably in the form of a research study), then it would be possible to fully evaluate the viability of the proposed recommendation to supply UltraClean solution to all hospitals in the group.
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Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 5.0 out of 6
Category: Good Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 4 2
No. of Sentences: 21 15
No. of Words: 470 350
No. of Characters: 2295 1500
No. of Different Words: 221 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.656 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.883 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.766 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 151 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 124 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 101 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 55 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 22.381 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 7.675 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.619 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.293 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.526 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.072 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 502, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...olution at their hand washing stations. However before this recommendation is accepted,...
^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 455, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Thus,
...a drastic reduction in infection cases. Thus there is no conclusive evidence to supp...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, if, may, moreover, second, secondly, similarly, so, then, therefore, thus, in conclusion
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 27.0 19.6327345309 138% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 12.0 12.9520958084 93% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 11.1786427146 45% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 13.6137724551 103% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 28.8173652695 104% => OK
Preposition: 65.0 55.5748502994 117% => OK
Nominalization: 22.0 16.3942115768 134% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2349.0 2260.96107784 104% => OK
No of words: 470.0 441.139720559 107% => OK
Chars per words: 4.99787234043 5.12650576532 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.65612321451 4.56307096286 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.85494258227 2.78398813304 103% => OK
Unique words: 234.0 204.123752495 115% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.497872340426 0.468620217663 106% => OK
syllable_count: 747.9 705.55239521 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 4.96107784431 161% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.76447105788 80% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 2.70958083832 148% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 4.22255489022 118% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 21.0 19.7664670659 106% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 22.8473053892 96% => OK
Sentence length SD: 43.9385780318 57.8364921388 76% => OK
Chars per sentence: 111.857142857 119.503703932 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.380952381 23.324526521 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.14285714286 5.70786347227 90% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 5.25449101796 38% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 13.0 8.20758483034 158% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 6.88822355289 29% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.67664670659 128% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.234595268661 0.218282227539 107% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0687918313068 0.0743258471296 93% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0775356655088 0.0701772020484 110% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.129507987099 0.128457276422 101% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.102231104433 0.0628817314937 163% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.3 14.3799401198 92% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 48.3550499002 102% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 12.197005988 98% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.02 12.5979740519 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.46 8.32208582834 102% => OK
difficult_words: 111.0 98.500998004 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 12.3882235529 89% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 11.1389221557 97% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.9071856287 92% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.