Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading states that dinosaurs unlike modern reptiles were endotherms, they can maintain their body temperature like humans, modern birds and mammals. The article provides three reasons to support the claim. However, the lecturer opposes the article's explanation by refuting each of the three reasons with necessary information.
First, the reading posits that dinosaurs fossils discovered in Polar Regions where only endotherms can survive. The professor disagrees with the claim and she says that dinosaurs could migrate to some other regions or may hibernate during cold seasons. So dinosaurs presence in polar region doesn't prove the claim of being endotherms.
Second, the article explains that dinosaurs leg position underneath its body provide evidence of its capability of being able to run which is similar to modern endotherms. The lecturer refutes this claim by stating that, dinosaurs legs was beneath their body to support their heavy weight. As a result, it certainly disprove the idea of being endotherms.
Finally, the reading says that haversian canals presence in dinosaurs provide evidence of rapid body growth which is similar to endotherms. However the professor denies this by saying that growth rings found in dinosaurs which proves that their growth was not regular like modern endotherms. The growth in some seasons, then no growth and then slow growth.
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| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 246, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'articles'' or 'article's'?
Suggestion: articles'; article's
...laim. However, the lecturer opposes the articles explanation by refuting each of the thr...
^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 257, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'dinosaurs'' or 'dinosaur's'?
Suggestion: dinosaurs'; dinosaur's
...r may hibernate during cold seasons. So dinosaurs presence in polar region doesnt prove t...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 292, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
.... So dinosaurs presence in polar region doesnt prove the claim of being endotherms. ...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 277, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...was beneath their body to support their heavy weight. As a result, it certainly disprove the...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 317, Rule ID: IT_VBZ[1]
Message: Did you mean 'disproves'?
Suggestion: disproves
...heavy weight. As a result, it certainly disprove the idea of being endotherms. Finall...
^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 141, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
... growth which is similar to endotherms. However the professor denies this by saying tha...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, however, may, second, so, then, as a result
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1177.0 1373.03311258 86% => OK
No of words: 214.0 270.72406181 79% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.5 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.82475343497 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.51985304312 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 121.0 145.348785872 83% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.565420560748 0.540411800872 105% => OK
syllable_count: 346.5 419.366225166 83% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 37.5798224524 49.2860985944 76% => OK
Chars per sentence: 98.0833333333 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.8333333333 21.698381199 82% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.91666666667 7.06452816374 70% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.150220344507 0.272083759551 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0543900629403 0.0996497079465 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0567198712655 0.0662205650399 86% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0915993572967 0.162205337803 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0274426477794 0.0443174109184 62% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.32 12.2367328918 117% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.91 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 60.0 63.6247240618 94% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.