Software development
Software development is thus envisaged based on the IT services it provides; it can thus be adapted adequately in the perspective of IT governance. The research method we have followed uses a bottom-up approach. I-Tropos was considered as a given and validated framework and has been enhanced with a (IT services) governance level. Following (Wautelet and Kolp, 2016), IT Services are coarse-grained structures aligned with the core values of the organization, i.e., the (added) value it provides to the external world. The proposed framework consists of three levels of knowledge (strategic, tactical, and operational) described as follow:
• At the strategic level, the project is described in terms of services that are provided by actors. These services are extremely aggregated functionalities to present a source for opportunities/threats management. This level is useful for the top managers. The strategic level is performed through the Strategic Services Diagram. The Strategic Service Diagram allows us to illustrate the main services of the application has to offer. This model provides a coarse-grained description of the software system through its main services. Moreover, the accountabilities of actors are also described and defined here. The Strategic Service Diagram also models environmental factors that influence the provided services. This model can be used as a reference vision document for stakeholders as well as a guidance for quality management, risk management, change management, knowledge management, software processes governance;
• At the tactical level, each service is described in a static method using rich organizational concepts, i.e., tasks, goals, qualities, resources and their depending actors. This level is useful for the middle managers who are responsible for the development of the aims determined at the strategic level. The tactical level is represented through in Strategic Dependency and Strategic Rationale Diagrams. The Strategic Dependency Diagram uses goals, tasks, and resources to describe the service in terms of middle-grained elements. The Strategic Rationale Diagram accomplishes this task by recognizing and providing the definition of capabilities that it can use to achieve its goals. Nevertheless, the meaning of capabilities is absolutely independent of the way in which they will be performed at this level. It enables the architect to examine alternative methods to program and deploy these capabilities. This level provides a fine-grained description of the qualities, goals, tasks, and resources required in the completion of all the services. The responsibilities of actors are also described and defined here;
• At the operational level, each element needed for service accomplishment is performed through the atomic tasks, which are responsible for the achievement of the sub-processes defined at the tactical level. This level is useful for first-line managers. The models created in the tactical level are then mapped into a series of models represented in this level through various points of view. This level give more particular information associated with the design of the service deployment. They include:
o The Architectural Diagram transforms the models created in the tactical level into an agent-oriented architecture using concepts such as beliefs, events, plans, and their relationships for designing agent-oriented systems. It corresponds to the role of the class, object and composite structure and component model for designing object-oriented systems.
o The Communication Diagram defines the temporary exchange of events between agents. It is similar to the role of the sequence and collaboration/ communication diagrams for designing object-oriented systems.
o The Dynamic Diagram captures the synchronization mechanisms between events and plans. It corresponds to the role of the state chart /activity diagrams for object-oriented systems.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-01-16 | Dhruv Singh | 89 | view |
| 2021-11-06 | Le Minh Anh | 84 | view |
| 2021-09-12 | Louisa_Nguyễn | 84 | view |
| 2019-11-14 | Helen Ng | 61 | view |
| 2018-12-24 | vumbis | 11 | view |
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 49, Rule ID: DT_PRP[1]
Message: Possible typo. Did you mean 'the' or 'IT'?
Suggestion: the; IT
... development is thus envisaged based on the IT services it provides; it can thus be ad...
^^^^^^
Line 1, column 299, Rule ID: DT_PRP[1]
Message: Possible typo. Did you mean 'a' or 'IT'?
Suggestion: a; IT
...ed framework and has been enhanced with a IT services governance level. Following Wa...
^^^^
Line 1, column 623, Rule ID: AS_FOLLOW[1]
Message: Did you mean 'as follows'?
Suggestion: as follows
...ic, tactical, and operational described as follow: • At the strategic level, the project...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 535, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...ce in terms of middle-grained elements. The Strategic Rationale Diagram accomplishe...
^^^
Line 6, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: O
...for designing object-oriented systems. o The Communication Diagram defines the t...
^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: O
...for designing object-oriented systems. o The Dynamic Diagram captures the synchr...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, moreover, nevertheless, so, then, thus, well, as to, such as, as well as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 24.0 13.1623246493 182% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 7.85571142285 51% => OK
Conjunction : 17.0 10.4138276553 163% => OK
Relative clauses : 6.0 7.30460921844 82% => OK
Pronoun: 36.0 24.0651302605 150% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 67.0 41.998997996 160% => OK
Nominalization: 30.0 8.3376753507 360% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 3372.0 1615.20841683 209% => Less number of characters wanted.
No of words: 579.0 315.596192385 183% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.82383419689 5.12529762239 114% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.90534594407 4.20363070211 117% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.40585029788 2.80592935109 121% => OK
Unique words: 254.0 176.041082164 144% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.438687392055 0.561755894193 78% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 1061.1 506.74238477 209% => syllable counts are too long.
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.8 1.60771543086 112% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 16.0 5.43587174349 294% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 14.0 2.52805611222 554% => Less articles wanted as sentence beginning.
Subordination: 0.0 2.10420841683 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 4.0 0.809619238477 494% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 0.0 4.76152304609 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 30.0 16.0721442886 187% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 20.2975951904 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 70.0504976586 49.4020404114 142% => OK
Chars per sentence: 112.4 106.682146367 105% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.3 20.7667163134 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 2.83333333333 7.06120827912 40% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 7.0 4.38176352705 160% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 6.0 5.01903807615 120% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 11.0 8.67935871743 127% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 3.9879759519 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 19.0 3.4128256513 557% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0590699276589 0.244688304435 24% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0177038145159 0.084324248473 21% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0532071056702 0.0667982634062 80% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0272366051892 0.151304729494 18% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0386956084952 0.056905535591 68% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.6 13.0946893788 119% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 35.27 50.2224549098 70% => OK
smog_index: 11.2 7.44779559118 150% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.1 11.3001002004 116% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 16.48 12.4159519038 133% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.3 8.58950901804 108% => OK
difficult_words: 173.0 78.4519038076 221% => Less difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 11.5 9.78957915832 117% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.1190380762 95% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 10.7795591182 111% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Maximum five paragraphs wanted.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 11.2359550562 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 9
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.