In 1995 a microscopic fungus called phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread-like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails-would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Cleaning large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
Word Count: 329
The reading and the lecture both are about a fungus Phytophthora ramorum and its effects on oak trees. The author of the reading feels that P. ramorum can be prevented by attacking oak trees by taking some measures. The lecturer challenges all the claims made by the author and explains his point of view in the subsequent paragraphs.
Firstly, the writer mentions that P. ramorum can be controlled by preventing the spread of P. ramorum spores. Additionally, spores can be arrested by installing bike scrubbers because they are found along hiking or biking trails which in turn takes the assistance of humans to spread with their shoes and even with bicycle tires. However, the tutor refutes the point made by the author. She says that preventing the human spreading of spores isn't going to make a huge impact. On top of that, studies detected that spores picked up by rainwater spread through the streams are very harmful than humans.
Secondly, the article suggests that using chemicals to kills the fungus is a good idea. On the contrary, the professor says that it is effective only when the fungicide is injected into the trunk of the trees. For instance, this mission can be ameliorated if they chose city parks, but the forests which contain thousands of oak trees infected are not possible just with fungicide. Moreover, the chemicals introducing to each and every tree is going to be much expensive and that's not possible.
Finally, the passage mentions that deforestation of all the infected trees and the trees surrounding them can be helpful in preventing the spread of the fungus. The academician contradicts this point and tells that some of the surrounding vegetation will be healthy and the species included in them must be very rare when taking the forests of western United States. She also adds the point that destroying many healthy species along with the infected ones will create great ecological damage than they are trying to prevent.
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| 2023-09-25 | MA KUNG TING | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 217, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...king oak trees by taking some measures. The lecturer challenges all the claims made...
^^^
Line 3, column 443, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: isn't
...reventing the human spreading of spores isnt going to make a huge impact. On top of ...
^^^^
Line 5, column 476, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: that's
... tree is going to be much expensive and thats not possible. Finally, the passage m...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 216, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...n contradicts this point and tells that some of the surrounding vegetation will be healthy ...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, firstly, however, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, for instance, on the contrary, on top of that
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 40.0 30.3222958057 132% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1640.0 1373.03311258 119% => OK
No of words: 329.0 270.72406181 122% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98480243161 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.25891501996 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.56710638643 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 178.0 145.348785872 122% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.54103343465 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 487.8 419.366225166 116% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 56.5771897063 49.2860985944 115% => OK
Chars per sentence: 96.4705882353 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.3529411765 21.698381199 89% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.41176470588 7.06452816374 105% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.203778452958 0.272083759551 75% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0675393343094 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0763216472011 0.0662205650399 115% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.125610784687 0.162205337803 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0489447971647 0.0443174109184 110% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.7 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.6 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.47 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 81.0 63.6247240618 127% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 83.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.