more unmanned space flights should be used
A national aeronautics magazine recived a letter to the editor arguing that more resouces should be invested in unmanned space flight since they can gather useful information and manned space flights are more costly, and more dangerous. This argument relies on many assumumotions that must be consindered before determining if this argument has merit.
This letter to the editior claims that unmanned probes and satellites can gather lots of pertinante information. This is likely true. However, unstated in this is whether the same types of data can be gathered without putting humans into space. While it is likely that unmanned space exploration can give more information about deep space as probes can be sent distances untravelable by humans, manned space flight can give data about human physiology. Consideration for the data sets gathered in each type of space flight along with the goals for studying space need to be considered before altering the allocation of resources. If the purpose of learning about space is to garner knowledge about physics and the universe unmanned space flight is likely a better option. But if the goal is to learn about human physiology or looking at colonizing the moon data on humans in space is needed. The assumpution of this argument is that the data gathered is equally useful however it the differences in data and the purposes of space exploration must be looked at before assesing the argument.
Next examining the claim that it is less dangerous. It is seemingly obvious, at least in the short term, that not sending people into space largely reduces risk to the astorunates exiting and entering the atomsphere; the longer term consequenses are being assumed to be negligable in this argument. Sending more unmanned probes and satellites into orbit will cause more space debris. If allowed to accumulate in large enough quantities they can start to crash into one another, cause more hazards when manned space flight does occur, and increase the risk that the probes fall out of orbit and crash into earth possibly causing dangers for those who didn't choose to place themeselves in danger from space exploration. While the immediate danger may be mitigated with unmanned space travel this argument rest on the assumption that the risk will be stagnet in the long run.
Finally, looking at the cost argument. The author is not clear on what measures of cost are being considered. Likely the per launch cost of is lower for unmanned space travel as there is not the cost of salaries (astrounats, engineers for things required by those entering orbit, etc.) and the space crafts can be lighter and smaller as they don't have to accomidate people. It is unclear though that the cost for the information is the same. If ten unmanned space flights are required to get the same amount of information as one manned fight the cost measures may be miscalculated. The cost of adding debris into space which could damage other opperational probes and satellites should also be considered. Further, humans are not entirely rational economic beings. If not sending people to space cause a diminished interest in space the budgets could be cut leading to a decline in information that can be gathered.
This letter to the editior needs to be much more flushed out in order to determine if the argument should be adopted. It relies on assumputions that the same type of data can be collected, the short term dangers present in space flight, and the cost measures need more context.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-14 | nanifish11 | 59 | view |
Comments
Essay evaluation report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 25 15
No. of Words: 589 350
No. of Characters: 2882 1500
No. of Different Words: 247 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.926 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.893 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.55 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 209 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 142 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 99 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 54 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 23.56 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 12.618 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.56 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.319 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.492 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.087 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 115, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...gather lots of pertinante information. This is likely true. However, unstated in t...
^^^^
Line 9, column 398, Rule ID: ALLOW_TO[1]
Message: Did you mean 'accumulating'? Or maybe you should add a pronoun? In active voice, 'allow' + 'to' takes an object, usually a pronoun.
Suggestion: accumulating
...ll cause more space debris. If allowed to accumulate in large enough quantities they can sta...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 653, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
... possibly causing dangers for those who didnt choose to place themeselves in danger f...
^^^^^
Line 9, column 721, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “While” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...elves in danger from space exploration. While the immediate danger may be mitigated w...
^^^^^
Line 13, column 334, Rule ID: COMP_THAN[3]
Message: Comparison requires 'than', not 'then' nor 'as'.
Suggestion: than
...space crafts can be lighter and smaller as they dont have to accomidate people. I...
^^
Line 13, column 342, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...afts can be lighter and smaller as they dont have to accomidate people. It is uncle...
^^^^
Line 13, column 770, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “If” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
... not entirely rational economic beings. If not sending people to space cause a dim...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, however, if, look, may, so, while, at least
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 40.0 19.6327345309 204% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 23.0 12.9520958084 178% => OK
Conjunction : 15.0 11.1786427146 134% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 13.6137724551 110% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 28.8173652695 111% => OK
Preposition: 76.0 55.5748502994 137% => OK
Nominalization: 21.0 16.3942115768 128% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2945.0 2260.96107784 130% => OK
No of words: 587.0 441.139720559 133% => OK
Chars per words: 5.01703577513 5.12650576532 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.9222030514 4.56307096286 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.6168325844 2.78398813304 94% => OK
Unique words: 253.0 204.123752495 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.431005110733 0.468620217663 92% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 945.0 705.55239521 134% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 4.96107784431 161% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.76447105788 68% => OK
Subordination: 6.0 2.70958083832 221% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 5.0 1.67365269461 299% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 1.0 4.22255489022 24% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 26.0 19.7664670659 132% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 22.8473053892 96% => OK
Sentence length SD: 69.8250137442 57.8364921388 121% => OK
Chars per sentence: 113.269230769 119.503703932 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.5769230769 23.324526521 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 2.42307692308 5.70786347227 42% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 5.25449101796 133% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 8.20758483034 49% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 15.0 6.88822355289 218% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.67664670659 150% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.490062951139 0.218282227539 225% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.141422317539 0.0743258471296 190% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.120506448681 0.0701772020484 172% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.331902050089 0.128457276422 258% => Maybe some contents are duplicated.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0764678165144 0.0628817314937 122% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.5 14.3799401198 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 48.3550499002 102% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 12.197005988 98% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.13 12.5979740519 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.22 8.32208582834 99% => OK
difficult_words: 130.0 98.500998004 132% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 12.3882235529 69% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 11.1389221557 97% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.9071856287 76% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 58.33 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 3.5 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.