In a vote that took place at the International Astronomical Union Conference on August 24th, 2006, Pluto lost its status as a planet in our solar system. Pluto was originally discovered in 1930 when scientists were searching for something that was interfering with Uranus's orbit. Though Pluto was estimated to be similar in size to Earth, it was later discovered that it was even smaller than our own moon, as well as many other moons. It is now known that there are thousands of planetary objects similar to Pluto, including Eris which is slightly larger than Pluto. Choosing to reclassify Pluto to a dwarf planet honors the fact that science is about making new discoveries. While it was a sad day for Pluto lovers, people in general have accepted the idea, and the next generation of children will grow up knowing only eight planets and thinking nothing of it. As Mike Brown, the astronomer who discovered Eris, noted following the IUC's decision, "science is self-correcting."
As you all likely know by now, Pluto has been officially demoted to a dwarf planet. What this means is that we will no longer include it as part of our solar system. The debate about whether or not Pluto should hold its status as a planet created such a conflict within the community of world astronomers that it has been called the Great Pluto War. The decision on whether or not to demote Pluto was put to a final vote by astronomers from around the world at the International Astronomical Union Conference. However, when I say from around the world, I don't mean worldwide. In fact, less than 10% of the world's astronomers voted, and most of those who were at the conference had already gone home by the last day when the vote took place. Of more than 10 000 potential voters, less than 500 took part, mainly because there was no way for them to cast their vote without actually being at the conference. Many astronomers believe that if electronic voting had been an option, Pluto along with two other celestial objects, would now be considered planets. Furthermore, the definition that was decided upon for a planet - that it must clear the neighborhood around its orbit - doesn't technically hold up, since Earth, Mars, Neptune, and Jupiter all have asteroids as neighbors.
The IUC decision disappointed many people outside the astronomy community too. You see, there are more than a few Pluto lovers out there. Some were so angry at the resolution that they began putting petitions together to have the ruling overturned. In New Mexico, where Pluto's discoverer was a resident, state officials have declared March 13th, Pluto Planet Day. Children in particular have a thing with Pluto and are perhaps the least willing to part with it. The name for the now dwarf planet was put to a vote in 1930. And incidentally, Pluto, which was chosen unanimously by a group at the observatory where it was discovered, had been submitted by a young schoolgirl.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, explaining how they cast doubt on the points made in the reading passage.
Pluto, the dwarf planet, once held the status of a planet in our solar system.But International Astronomical Union downgraded the status of Pluto to that of a dwarf planet because it did not meet the criteria of a full-sized planet.
Pluto meets all the criteria except it has not cleared its neighbourhood around its orbit.But this is a matter of controversy.since many planets including Earth do not do so.But according to the new definition for planets introduced by Astronomical Union,pluto lost its planetary title.
At first, it was thought thatpluto was deported due to its size,Therfore there arises an argument that there are many planetary objects which is larger than Pluto,yet not given the title. so many of the astronomical community strongly opposed the move. but it was found later that it is not the real reason behind the new classification.
It is considered saddening since the astronomy community did not get a fair opportunity to oppose this depromotion and many disagreed with the decision.so it disappoints the pluto lovers and forced them to accept the fact. but still, pluto holds a place in everyone's heart.
Since science is in constant progression and development,new and new rediscoveries and corrections are natural.it is a continuously evolving area. Even though the present generation disagreeswith the new classification,the future generation won't be get affected,they will grow up knowing only there are only 8 planets in the solar system.they won't be really worried about pluto or its past title.
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| 2022-10-13 | Nina Tsarevich | 83 | view |
| 2020-10-31 | Darwin | 90 | view |
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| 2016-02-06 | roxanaluca | 80 | view |
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 79, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: But
... status of a planet in our solar system.But International Astronomical Union downg...
^^^
Line 1, column 82, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...atus of a planet in our solar system.But International Astronomical Union downgra...
^^
Line 2, column 91, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: But
...ared its neighbourhood around its orbit.But this is a matter of controversy.since ...
^^^
Line 2, column 132, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ut this is a matter of controversy.since many planets including Earth do not do s...
^^
Line 2, column 176, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: But
...ny planets including Earth do not do so.But according to the new definition for pla...
^^^
Line 2, column 256, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , pluto
...planets introduced by Astronomical Union,pluto lost its planetary title. At first, it...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 64, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , Therfore
...t thatpluto was deported due to its size,Therfore there arises an argument that there are...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 163, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , yet
...etary objects which is larger than Pluto,yet not given the title. so many of the ast...
^^^^
Line 3, column 188, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...ger than Pluto,yet not given the title. so many of the astronomical community stro...
^^
Line 3, column 253, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: But
...al community strongly opposed the move. but it was found later that it is not the r...
^^^
Line 4, column 223, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: But
...ers and forced them to accept the fact. but still, pluto holds a place in everyones...
^^^
Line 5, column 57, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , new
... in constant progression and development,new and new rediscoveries and corrections a...
^^^^
Line 5, column 218, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , the
...ion disagreeswith the new classification,the future generation wont be get affected,...
^^^^
Line 5, column 261, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , they
...e future generation wont be get affected,they will grow up knowing only there are onl...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, if, really, so, still
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 4.0 12.0772626932 33% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1294.0 1373.03311258 94% => OK
No of words: 245.0 270.72406181 90% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.28163265306 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.95632099841 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.29550828307 2.5805825403 128% => OK
Unique words: 145.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.591836734694 0.540411800872 110% => OK
syllable_count: 409.5 419.366225166 98% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 2.0 8.23620309051 24% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 6.0 1.51434878587 396% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 27.0 21.2450331126 127% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 81.9843405704 49.2860985944 166% => OK
Chars per sentence: 143.777777778 110.228320801 130% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.2222222222 21.698381199 125% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.66666666667 7.06452816374 52% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 14.0 4.19205298013 334% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.288570242219 0.272083759551 106% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.10734702237 0.0996497079465 108% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0790893120285 0.0662205650399 119% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.155329627947 0.162205337803 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0723947378158 0.0443174109184 163% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.0 13.3589403974 127% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 35.61 53.8541721854 66% => OK
smog_index: 13.0 5.55761589404 234% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.0 11.0289183223 136% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.64 12.2367328918 111% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.62 8.42419426049 114% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 20.0 10.7273730684 186% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 10.498013245 122% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 83.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 79, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: But
... status of a planet in our solar system.But International Astronomical Union downg...
^^^
Line 1, column 82, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...atus of a planet in our solar system.But International Astronomical Union downgra...
^^
Line 2, column 91, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: But
...ared its neighbourhood around its orbit.But this is a matter of controversy.since ...
^^^
Line 2, column 132, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ut this is a matter of controversy.since many planets including Earth do not do s...
^^
Line 2, column 176, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: But
...ny planets including Earth do not do so.But according to the new definition for pla...
^^^
Line 2, column 256, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , pluto
...planets introduced by Astronomical Union,pluto lost its planetary title. At first, it...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 64, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , Therfore
...t thatpluto was deported due to its size,Therfore there arises an argument that there are...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 163, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , yet
...etary objects which is larger than Pluto,yet not given the title. so many of the ast...
^^^^
Line 3, column 188, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...ger than Pluto,yet not given the title. so many of the astronomical community stro...
^^
Line 3, column 253, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: But
...al community strongly opposed the move. but it was found later that it is not the r...
^^^
Line 4, column 223, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: But
...ers and forced them to accept the fact. but still, pluto holds a place in everyones...
^^^
Line 5, column 57, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , new
... in constant progression and development,new and new rediscoveries and corrections a...
^^^^
Line 5, column 218, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , the
...ion disagreeswith the new classification,the future generation wont be get affected,...
^^^^
Line 5, column 261, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , they
...e future generation wont be get affected,they will grow up knowing only there are onl...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, if, really, so, still
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 4.0 12.0772626932 33% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1294.0 1373.03311258 94% => OK
No of words: 245.0 270.72406181 90% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.28163265306 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.95632099841 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.29550828307 2.5805825403 128% => OK
Unique words: 145.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.591836734694 0.540411800872 110% => OK
syllable_count: 409.5 419.366225166 98% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 2.0 8.23620309051 24% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 6.0 1.51434878587 396% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 27.0 21.2450331126 127% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 81.9843405704 49.2860985944 166% => OK
Chars per sentence: 143.777777778 110.228320801 130% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.2222222222 21.698381199 125% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.66666666667 7.06452816374 52% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 14.0 4.19205298013 334% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.288570242219 0.272083759551 106% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.10734702237 0.0996497079465 108% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0790893120285 0.0662205650399 119% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.155329627947 0.162205337803 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0723947378158 0.0443174109184 163% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.0 13.3589403974 127% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 35.61 53.8541721854 66% => OK
smog_index: 13.0 5.55761589404 234% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.0 11.0289183223 136% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.64 12.2367328918 111% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.62 8.42419426049 114% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 20.0 10.7273730684 186% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 10.498013245 122% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 83.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.